Alexander 1 (Male) II, pope, 1061-1073

Factoids by Source

Bates177 (1)
Event (1)
Episcopal see, acquisition/institution/division/merge (1)
 Bates177 - writ of William 1 in favour of Remigius 1: King William 1 notifies Turold 4 the sheriff and all the sheriffs in of Bishop Remigius 1’ bishopric that he has transferred the bishopric of Dorchester-on-Thames to the city of Lincoln, on the authority and advice of Pope Alexander 1 II and his legates, and of Archbishop Lanfranc 1 and the bishops of his kingdom, and that he has given enough land there, freed from all customs, for the construction of a mother-church for the whole bishopric and for its buildings. He has also granted the two manors of Welton and Sleaford, Lincs., and the churches of his three manors of Kirton in Lindsey, Caistor, and Wellingore, Lincs., with their lands and tithes. He has added the tithe of the revenues of the two manors, and the two churches of St Lawrence and St Martin in Lincoln. At Bishop Remigius 1’ request, he has also granted the manor of Leighton Bromswold, Hunts., which Earl Waltheof 2 had previously given to Bishop Remigius 1 through William 1’s hand, and also the manor of Wooburn, Bucks., which William 1 had himself given to Remigius 1 with his pastoral staff. He has confirmed the four churches of Bedford, Leighton Buzzard, Buckingham, and Aylesbury, Bucks., which Remigius 1’s predecessors had held.: Bates177    (1072 x 1087)
Freeing from dues (1)
 Bates177 - writ of William 1 in favour of Remigius 1: King William 1 notifies Turold 4 the sheriff and all the sheriffs in of Bishop Remigius 1’ bishopric that he has transferred the bishopric of Dorchester-on-Thames to the city of Lincoln, on the authority and advice of Pope Alexander 1 II and his legates, and of Archbishop Lanfranc 1 and the bishops of his kingdom, and that he has given enough land there, freed from all customs, for the construction of a mother-church for the whole bishopric and for its buildings. He has also granted the two manors of Welton and Sleaford, Lincs., and the churches of his three manors of Kirton in Lindsey, Caistor, and Wellingore, Lincs., with their lands and tithes. He has added the tithe of the revenues of the two manors, and the two churches of St Lawrence and St Martin in Lincoln. At Bishop Remigius 1’ request, he has also granted the manor of Leighton Bromswold, Hunts., which Earl Waltheof 2 had previously given to Bishop Remigius 1 through William 1’s hand, and also the manor of Wooburn, Bucks., which William 1 had himself given to Remigius 1 with his pastoral staff. He has confirmed the four churches of Bedford, Leighton Buzzard, Buckingham, and Aylesbury, Bucks., which Remigius 1’s predecessors had held.: Bates177    (1072 x 1087)
Grant and Gift (1)
 Bates177 - writ of William 1 in favour of Remigius 1: King William 1 notifies Turold 4 the sheriff and all the sheriffs in of Bishop Remigius 1’ bishopric that he has transferred the bishopric of Dorchester-on-Thames to the city of Lincoln, on the authority and advice of Pope Alexander 1 II and his legates, and of Archbishop Lanfranc 1 and the bishops of his kingdom, and that he has given enough land there, freed from all customs, for the construction of a mother-church for the whole bishopric and for its buildings. He has also granted the two manors of Welton and Sleaford, Lincs., and the churches of his three manors of Kirton in Lindsey, Caistor, and Wellingore, Lincs., with their lands and tithes. He has added the tithe of the revenues of the two manors, and the two churches of St Lawrence and St Martin in Lincoln. At Bishop Remigius 1’ request, he has also granted the manor of Leighton Bromswold, Hunts., which Earl Waltheof 2 had previously given to Bishop Remigius 1 through William 1’s hand, and also the manor of Wooburn, Bucks., which William 1 had himself given to Remigius 1 with his pastoral staff. He has confirmed the four churches of Bedford, Leighton Buzzard, Buckingham, and Aylesbury, Bucks., which Remigius 1’s predecessors had held.: Bates177    (1072 x 1087)
Writ-issuing/sending (1)
 Bates177 - writ of William 1 in favour of Remigius 1: King William 1 notifies Turold 4 the sheriff and all the sheriffs in of Bishop Remigius 1’ bishopric that he has transferred the bishopric of Dorchester-on-Thames to the city of Lincoln, on the authority and advice of Pope Alexander 1 II and his legates, and of Archbishop Lanfranc 1 and the bishops of his kingdom, and that he has given enough land there, freed from all customs, for the construction of a mother-church for the whole bishopric and for its buildings. He has also granted the two manors of Welton and Sleaford, Lincs., and the churches of his three manors of Kirton in Lindsey, Caistor, and Wellingore, Lincs., with their lands and tithes. He has added the tithe of the revenues of the two manors, and the two churches of St Lawrence and St Martin in Lincoln. At Bishop Remigius 1’ request, he has also granted the manor of Leighton Bromswold, Hunts., which Earl Waltheof 2 had previously given to Bishop Remigius 1 through William 1’s hand, and also the manor of Wooburn, Bucks., which William 1 had himself given to Remigius 1 with his pastoral staff. He has confirmed the four churches of Bedford, Leighton Buzzard, Buckingham, and Aylesbury, Bucks., which Remigius 1’s predecessors had held.: Bates177    (1072 x 1087)
Bates67 (3)
Event (1)
Agreement (1)
 Bates67 - charter establishing the primacy of Canterbury: In 1072 a meeting was convened at the command of Pope Alexander 1 II and with the agreement of King William 1, to discuss and decide on the primacy of the see of Canterbury over the see of York.: Bates67    (1072)
Assembly (1)
 Bates67 - charter establishing the primacy of Canterbury: In 1072 a meeting was convened at the command of Pope Alexander 1 II and with the agreement of King William 1, to discuss and decide on the primacy of the see of Canterbury over the see of York.: Bates67    (1072)
Charter-witnessing (1)
 Bates67 - charter establishing the primacy of Canterbury: In 1072 a meeting was convened at the command of Pope Alexander 1 II and with the agreement of King William 1, to discuss and decide on the primacy of the see of Canterbury over the see of York.: Bates67    (1072)
Factoids linked indirectly to Alexander 1 (2)
Office (2)
Lector of Alexander 1 (1)
 Hubert 1: Bates67   
Legate of Alexander 1 (1)
 Hubert 1: Bates67   
Bates68 (1)
Event (1)
Agreement (1)
 Bates68 - charter establishing the primacy of Canterbury: In 1072 a meeting was convened at the command of Pope Alexander 1 II and with the agreement of King William 1, to discuss and decide on the primacy of the see of Canterbury over the see of York.: Bates68    (1072)
Assembly (1)
 Bates68 - charter establishing the primacy of Canterbury: In 1072 a meeting was convened at the command of Pope Alexander 1 II and with the agreement of King William 1, to discuss and decide on the primacy of the see of Canterbury over the see of York.: Bates68    (1072)
Charter-witnessing (1)
 Bates68 - charter establishing the primacy of Canterbury: In 1072 a meeting was convened at the command of Pope Alexander 1 II and with the agreement of King William 1, to discuss and decide on the primacy of the see of Canterbury over the see of York.: Bates68    (1072)
Lanfranc, Ep. no. 2 (1)
Event (1)
Excommunication (1)
 Leofwine 72.excommunication: Leofwine 72 was excommunicated by papal legates on account of his having a wife and children.: Lanfranc, Ep. no. 2    ( x 1070)
Lanfranc, Ep. no. 7 (2)
Event (2)
Deposition of bishop (1)
 Æthelric 64.deposition as bishop: Æthelric 64 was deposed as bishop by papal legates of Alexander 1.: Lanfranc, Ep. no. 7   
Restoration to bishopric (1)
 Alexander 1.asking William 1 to restore Æthelric 64: ‘We [Alexander 1] wish to draw your eminence’s [William 1] attention to the case of Æthelric 64, formerly bishop of Chichester, who was deposed by representatives of our legates: it does not seem to us to have been fully examined. So we have ruled that he should be restored to his original position, as canon law decrees; and have referred the case to our brother … Archbishop Lanfranc 1, to be thoroughly re-examined and concluded in accordance with canon law.': Lanfranc, Ep. no. 7    (1071)
S1000 (3)
Office (2)
Bishop (1)
 S1000   
Pope (1)
 S1000   
Event (1)
Grant and Gift (1)
 S1000 - Alexander 1 granting privileges to Coventry 1: Pope Alexander 1 II granted privileges to Coventry 1 Abbey.: S1000    (1061 x 1073)
WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum: Gesta Pontificum Anglorum (1)
Event (1)
Ascetic practices/fasting/resisting temptation (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Burh - capture (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Conquest (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Deposition of archbishop (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Embassy (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Imprisonment (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Journey (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Oath-swearing/fealty (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8
Submission (1)
 Stigand 1.deposition: William 1 duke of Normandy came to England and subdued the country by force for arms. He spread the terror of his name far and wide by winning the battle of Hastings and receiving the surrender of Dover Castle, and then came to London. There, Stigand 1 and the most powerful of the English came out to show their support; after negotiations, William 1 received him as father and archbishop, while Stigand 1 received William 1 as king and son. But the king drew the line at receiving the crown from his hand, with his customary ingenuity arranging for people to forbid it in the pope’s name. Soon afterwards, he sailed over to Normandy, and took with him the reluctant Stigand 1 under a show of Honouring him, for he wanted to make sure the archbishop’s influence did not cause any emergence of treason in his absence. It is difficult to exaggerate the civilities he showed Stigand 1: he rose to his feet to do him honour on every occasion, and made sure he was welcomed by long and elaborate processions in every see and abbey of Normandy. But what lay behind this façade was revealed when there arrived in England Ermenfrid 1, bishop of Sion and Pope Alexander 1’s legate. At the king’s instance he summoned a council and deposed Stigand 1, though he called on William 1 to keep faith with him and protested that he was being subjected to violence. The king made smooth excuses, citing the pope’s command, but he did not efface the impression that he had engineered the deposition, for he kept Stigand 1 in prison at Winchester for the rest of his life. Stigand 1 lived a simple life there; the public purse provided little, and Stigand 1, with his innate obstinacy, refused to have anything brought in from his own estates. Indeed when his friends, especially Eadgyth 3, King Edward 15’s widow, urged him to dress and eat less austerely, he swore by everything sacred a false oath that he had not a penny to his name. That this oath had no basis in truth was proved by the vast riches found after his death in underground caves. They were given away by a key hanging round the neck of the dead man. This turned lock of his private chest, and the records thus disclosed revealed the types of metals he owned, and their weights.: WilliamofMalmesbury.GestaPontificumAnglorum  i.23.5-8